This paper examines the causal factors behind the increase of medical specialization in Great Britain, Germany and the U.S. Current research into professions usually explains the phenomenon of growing specialization by referring to innovations in medical science and technology, competition among...

The comparative study comprises "public organisations outside core government" in seven EU Member States (Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and the EU agencies. Federal agencies in the USA are considered briefly. The report deals with agency...

Policy-making is often characterized by connected processes of conflict management in organizationally separated, but functionally linked arenas. Such multi-level structures are prone to blockades of decision-making, because boundaries between arenas can reinforce conflicts and rules of...

Few scholars in political science or public administration deny that organization matters. However, the rare application of an organizational perspective in research suggests otherwise. To revive the awareness of organizations as unit or level of analysis, attributed and generic properties are...