doing sports business. Driven by the courts, the 2007 overhaul of the approach and methodology has increased the scope of … competition policy towards sports associations and clubs. Nowadays, virtually all activities of sports associations that govern … and organize a sports discipline with business elements are subject to antitrust rules. This includes genuine sporting …

In this paper, we discuss from an economic perspective two alternative views of restrictions of competition by sports … associations. The horizontal approach views such restrictions as an agreement among the participants of a sports league with the … sports association merely representing an organization executing the horizontal cooperation. In contrast, the vertical …

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the development of ‘EU sports law' during the long period in which an … securing a deeper legitimacy for EU intervention in the field of sport. A question which also deserves to be addressed is one … that goes beyond the specific case of sport: why, in a Treaty which is in many ways marked by assertion of State control …