Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after … family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we … together these three produce the "parental gender gap," defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We …

teenager's own mother, as well as that of her friends' mothers, affect her work decisions in adulthood. The first mechanism is … her friends' mothers' choices when she was a teenager, and the interaction between the two. The empirical salience of this … distant she is (in terms of working hours) from the friends' mothers. …

Policy changes in the United States in the 1990s resulted in sizable increases in employment rates of single mothers … experience, single mothers' real wages and employment have remained relatively unchanged. The empirical analysis suggests that an …. We show that this increase led to a large and abrupt increase in work experience for single mothers with young children …