Jaskowski, Marcin; McAleer, Michael - 2013
Since Black (1976), the source of the stock price volatility smirk has remained a controversy. The volatility smirk is … volatility smirk, both for time series and cross sections of companies. These results may help to disentangle the leverage effect … from other potential explanations like volatility feedback, the time-varying risk premium, and a down-market effect. …