Due to the advanced technology associated with Big Data, data availability and computing power, most banks or lending institutions are renewing their business models. Credit risk predictions, monitoring, model reliability and effective loan processing are key to decision-making and transparency....

In ESTAR models it is usually quite difficult to obtain parameter estimates, as it is discussed in the literature. The problem of properly distinguishing the transition function in relation to extreme parameter combinations often leads to getting strongly biased estimators. This paper proposes a...

In ESTAR models it is usually quite difficult to obtain parameter estimates, as it is discussed in the literature. The problem of properly distinguishing the transition function in relation to extreme parameter combinations often leads to getting strongly biased estimators. This paper proposes a...