The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops. This is generally …, 2001). But in real terms, the adoption of GM crops reflects a trade off - the crops may reduce some fixed costs, like costs … environmental impacts (Cuffaro, 2002, p35). Minimising the potential environmental and social impacts of GM crops is a precondition …

modified (GM) crops. While commercial crops can be introduced without intensive local research (i.e. insect resistant GM cotton … outputs, GM crops developed from public research in developing countries are documented, and attention given to issues …