To protect retail investors from the bail-in rule, we propose that banks should issue subordinated "contractual bail … estimates of the amounts of contractual bail-in instruments that European banks should issue in order to reach the 8% target …

To protect retail investors from the bail-in rule, we propose that banks should issue subordinated "contractual bail … estimates of the amounts of contractual bail-in instruments that European banks should issue in order to reach the 8% target …

We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … assigned lower ratings, ceteris paribus, than 'old' ones. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst 'new' EU countries typically have lower ratings than 'old' ones, after …

We model EU countries' bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. Our … lower ratings, ceteris paribus, than old ones. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous … intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst new EU countries typically have lower ratings than old ones, after …