The paper draws attention to the spatial dimension of sustainability, where spatial self-defence is an important part of control over local assets that have to be preserved. In the existing European Union, where the national infrastructure networks have been relatively developed, the formation...

Longevity risk has become a major challenge for governments, individuals, and annuity providers in most countries, and especially its aggregate form, i.e. the risk of unsystematic changes to general mortality patterns, bears a large potential for accumulative losses for insurers. As obvious risk...

Applicants for any given job are more or less suited to fill it, and the firm will select the best among them. Increasing the wage offer attracts more applicants and makes it possible to raise the hiring standard and improve the productivity of the staff. Wages that optimize on the trade-off...