This paper presents a simple two country model in which firms in manufacturing sector choose a technology level (high or low). I show how trade integration and productivity differential affect technology choice clearly. In particular, if the gap of productivity of high technology is medium,...

We provide new evidence on heterogeneous international research and development (R&D) spillovers from partners of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and other countries using a sample of 45 countries over 1995–2017. We decompose foreign R&D stock into that of RTA partners and other foreign...