In this paper, we conduct a pan-European efficiency analysis to investigate the performance of European railways with a particular focus oil economics of vertical integration. We test the hypothesis that integrated railways realise economies of scope and, thus, produce railway services with a...

The German economy is humming. Tax receipts are pouring in, the labour market is booming, and Germany was and has remained solid as a rock during the euro crisis. That is the current situation. But is Germany also prepared for the digital revolution? A core element of Germany industry (the...