Prior work has demonstrated that prosocial incentives - where individuals' effort benefits a charitable organization … - can be more effective than standard incentives, particularly when the stakes are low. Yet, little is known about the … effectiveness of prosocial incentives on people's decisions to participate or opt-in to the incentivized activity in the first place …

Early studies often found that offering economic incentives for undertaking prosocial and intrinsically motivated … related to whether crowding out (or substitution) is likely to occur. In many cases, incentives succeed in encouraging more … prosocial behavior and are also cost-effective. However, although the substitution of external incentives for intrinsic …