This article examines the concepts of group membership, group identity and racial identity, and group consciousness. For each of these we discuss theoretical definitions, research using the various definitions, and issues of measurement. We show that these concepts are distinct and build on each...

The quantitative literature on civil conflict is generally concerned with state-level risk factors. By conceptualizing the state as the unit of analysis this literature suffers from an aggregation problem in regards to its main findings, which identify mechanisms that are often only indirectly...