issues, a parameter free AP (PFAP) is proposed to group big data on the basis of both distance and density. Firstly, it …, and the input parameter has a marked impact on DBSCAN (density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise … obtains a group of normalized density from the AP clustering. The estimated parameters are monotonically. Then, the density is …

and development density lead to socioeconomic space discontinuities. In the "spherical" model all subareas are … characterized by coordinates on some "basic" spherical surface. The basic "air" distance between them can thus be identified … distances from the centre of the sphere. Thus connections longer or shorter than the basic distance are to be found on an other …