This article explains, with reference to the UK banking industry, the core problems that exist in the traditional banking system and charts the increasing adoption by consumers of alternative technologies employing e-money and PISPs, which can compete with traditional banks because of PSD2. It...

In response to recent reports by influential financial regulatory bodies the article aims, firstly, to outline the financial, operational and systemic risks affecting the stability of virtual asset trading platforms. It highlights risk management techniques which can be used to mitigate against...

This article examines the geopolitics, legal nuances and monetary policy which inform Carney's proposal. Part I sets out the application of block-chain technology in the context of payment systems, and discusses the geopolitics of Libra and the shift in focus to Central Bank Digital Currencies...