Riyanto, Yohanes E.; Toolsema, Linda A. - Department of Economics, National University of Singapore - 2004
This paper presents a formal model of tunneling and propping in a pyramidal ownership structure. Tunneling refers to … controlling shareholders shifting resources from one firm to another in the same pyramid. Propping is tunneling that is done to …, in which shifting resources between firms is not possible (i.e. illegal). We show that tunneling may justify the …