The rise of high-stakes accountability programs was one of the most noticeable changes in the U.S. education system … exposure to accountability modestly but detectably increased educational attainment – roughly .02 years per year of exposure …. Effects on income were positive, but again modest and insignificant in most specifications. Lastly, if accountability had …

We estimate the effect of school size on students' long-term outcomes such as high school completion, being out of the … estimators. We use the natural population variation in the residential catchment areas and school openings and closures to … instrument for actual school size. We find a robust positive but numerically fairly small relationship between school size and …

We examine whether parental and school investments reinforce or compensate for student performance. Our analysis … exploits school-starting-age rules in 34 countries, capturing achievement variation that arises because younger children … school investments are substitutes. …

This research examines whether teacher licensure test scores and other teacher qualifications affect high school …

-student variation across subfields in natural science (i.e., physics, chemistry, biology, and Earth science). Using middle-school …

The paper examines whether meeting performance targets in tests at school has an effect on students' subsequent …, affect their current effort in preparing for a test, and how previous performance affects the effort in teaching by a school …