Reliable excess returns from active portfolio management derive from informed trading. We investigate the information content of informed trading in the equity market and the options market. We find that informed equity trading and options trading are positively correlated in the time-series,...

We investigate how information choices impact equity returns and risk. Building on an existing theoretical model of information and investment choice, we estimate a learning index that reflects the expected benefits of learning about an asset. High learning index stocks have lower future returns...