Taking a slightly closer look at the EVA basics prompts that the metric by design is a synthetic mixture of returns from the operating and financing activities, and therefore, yields a biased assessment of both the operating and overall performance. Fundamentally, the scale of the measurement...

One of the most important goals of a business unit is creating value and wealth for its shareholders and attracting them for more investment. The success of management, and consequently the success of the business unit, is measured by the level of value created for its shareholders. Economic...

Economic value added (EVA) is the performance metric bound to be biased by design. The measurement bias comes from contrasting NOPAT, which is a purely operating profit, with the capital charge on the money investors have put into the firm, which is calculated by applying the after tax WACC...

This article introduces a new financial metric for managerial performance evaluation, Value Added to Invested Capital (VAIC), with the cost of unlevered equity as a hurdle rate to calculate the capital charge rather than the widely accepted WACC. VAIC preserves all positive features of the...

We demonstrate analytically and illustrate with examples that the conventional measures of the residual operating income such as the Economic Value Added (EVA) are biased by design and so may yield a misleading assessment of financial performance. Fundamentally, the magnitude of the measurement...

Corporate financial performance measured in terms of accounting-based ratios has been viewed as inadequate as firms began focusing on shareholder value as the primary long-term objective of the organization. Corporate managers have been facing a period where a new economic framework that better...

In the context of global sustainable development, the relationship between environmental, social responsibility, and governance (ESG) performance and multi-stakeholder value creation has been widely discussed. However, there is a complex causal relationship between ESG performance and value...

This paper proposes a performance and cost measurement system that integrates the Economic Value Added criteria (EVA) with Process Based Costing (PBC). The EVA-PBC methodology allows us to implement the EVA management logic non only at the firm level, but also at lower levels of the...

This paper sets out an analytical framework for assessing the performance and value creation of National Oil Companies (NOCs). NOCs differ greatly in their institutional environments, their corporate objectives and operations, and their domestic and international socio-economic linkages, which...