in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

Market access negotiations in merchandise trade at the multilateral level cover tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs …). While tariffs have been substantially reduced in earlier rounds, they remain high in certain areas and further reductions …

tariffs. Design/methodology/approach - Data utilized were sourced from the World Bank's World Development and Governance … Indicators, Mayer and Zignago (2006) distance index as well as the World Trade Organisation's World Integrated Trade System (WiTs …

converted into equivalent tariffs and further, reduced over time. However each member country has the authority to choose the … tariff types when it converts NTBs to tariffs such as ad valorem tariff and specific tariff. The paper tries to find the … achieve this goal, the paper analyses the effects of tariffication of a fixed quota into tariffs on price, trade and welfare …

tariffs.Design/methodology/approach – Data utilized were sourced from the World Bank's World Development and Governance … Indicators, Mayer and Zignago (2006) distance index as well as the World Trade Organisation's World Integrated Trade System (WiTs …

commitments under trade agreements (multilateral and regional agreements) and applied tariffs- what is also known as tariffs … equivalent to a level of tariffs between 1.7 and 8.7 percentage points. …

This paper empirically investigates the impact of tariffs when production is organized in global value chains. Using … tariffs at different stages of the production chain for a broad set of countries and industries. Our results suggest that … tariffs have significant effects on economic outcomes, including on countries and sectors not directly targeted. We find that …

Do tariffs inhibit trade flows by limiting the entry of exporting firms ('extensive margin') or by restricting the … tariffs promoted during the 1990s by the Uruguay Round multilateral trade agreement affected the trade margins of French firms …-varying tariffs as a measure of variable trade costs. Our results show that the number of firms exporting in a given sector to a given …