In this paper, we investigate how civil service exams historically screened talent for bureaucrats and family lineages influenced their final appointments. We explore the Joseon Dynasty (1392 to 1897 CE) as an exemplary case that implemented the examinations for selection of bureacrats. The...

The influenza pandemic of 1918 drastically affected colonial Korea infecting approximately 7.4 million people (44.3% of the total population) and killing approximately 140,000. This study examines the effect of fetal exposure to the pandemic on educational attainment, specifically, years of...

The influenza pandemic of 1918 drastically affected colonial Korea infecting approximately 7.4 million people (44.3% of the total population) and killing approximately 140,000. This study examines the effect of fetal exposure to the pandemic on educational attainment, specifically, years of...