Slackening growth, an upsurge in inflation, and the unpredictable course and consequences of the war in Ukraine have combined to create an uncertain and challenging outlook for collective bargaining in Europe. For employees, the subdued pace of pay growth in all European Union Member States has...

With real wages falling by 4.0 % in 2022, workers in the European Union suffered an unprecedented loss in purchasing power. The reason for this was the rapid increase in consumer prices, behind which nominal wage growth fell significantly. Meanwhile, inflation is no longer driven by energy...

Real wages in the European Union continued their decline in 2023-despite an acceleration in nominal wage growth and falling inflation rates. For the current year, there are tentative only signs of a slow recovery of the purchasing power of wages. A resumption of real wage growth would stabilize...