Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has developed rapidly in the recent decades. The industrial nations are the derivations of the development and use of new communication technologies. As such today industrial nations have a continuously higher communications technology standard. As...

This paper investigates the short-term effects of fiscal consolidation on economic activity in OECD economies. We examine the historical record, including Budget Speeches and IMFdocuments, to identify changes in fiscal policy motivated by a desire to reduce the budget deficit and not by...