"In this essay I propose that the adoption of the U.S. dollar as a common currency shortly after the ratification of the Federal Constitution and the accompanying transition from a fiat to specie standard was a pivotal moment in the nation's early history and marked an improvement over the...

The central bank is one of the main pillars of a country's government and one of the institutions most required to respond to crisis situations in the economy. In this respect, the National Bank of Romania, as the monetary authority of the Romanian state, is constantly subject to such pressure....

Germany prides itself in having one of the most successful central banks and currencies with respect to independence and stability. I show that not only were both imposed on the country after 1945 but that there was also initial resistance to both among German experts and officials. This is a...