monitors'). We review the literature on the relative merits of punishment and rewards when the distribution of incentive power … evidence showing how concentrating reward/punishment power in one group member affects cooperation. …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when … hypotheses derived from the theory. …

punishment, a defining feature of large-scale human societies. Compared to individually-administered punishment, institutional … punishment offers a unique potential advantage: the ability to control how quickly legal rules of punishment evolve relative to … social behavior that legal punishment regulates. However, at what rate should legal rules evolve relative to society to …

This paper studies monitoring and punishment behavior by second and third parties in a cooperation experiment with … stage, but can decide to resolve the information imperfection at non-negative cost at the punishment stage. We examine how … monitoring and punishment respond to changes in monitoring costs, and exploit the evidence to gain new insights about …

evidence on punishment preferences, in which subjects reveal a heterogeneous preference for punishing wrongdoers, our model … identifies circumstances in which “punitive” individuals (with stronger-than-average punishment preferences) will self …-select into law enforcement jobs that offer the opportunity to punish (or facilitate the punishment of) wrongdoers. Such “punitive …

environment. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city spatial and temporal variation in punishment severity, I … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and … punishment and suggests that certain types enforcement can be reduced without incurring large public safety costs …