Moral hazard means that people with insurance may take greater risks because they know they do not bear the full consequences of their actions. This can occur with both private insurance and social insurance. Deductibles can be used to alleviate the problem. An interesting way to bring...

In economics, the regional densification of economic activity is referred to as agglomeration. The effects of agglomeration are often referred to when discussing the wider economic benefits of transportation infrastructure projects. The magnitude of these effects has not been extensively studied...

Helsingin seudun ja Uudenmaan tuotannon ja työllisyyden kasvu on ollut nopeampaa kuin koko Suomen. Samaan aikaan erikoistuminen on vähentynyt. Tuotantorakenne muistuttaa nyt huomattavasti enemmän koko Suomen tuotantorakennetta kuin aiempina vuosikymmeninä. Silti erikoistuminen liike-elämän...

The study examines the developments in production structures in Finnish regions and the differences in regional income levels and the causes that affect them in an integrating global economy as well as the challenges facing regional policies. The increasing openness of the world economy, the...

Municipal employees and private-sector employees in Finland belong to separate earnings-related pension systems. Both systems are financed by contributions from the payroll, and are mostly pay-as-you-go. Thus if a municipality decides to buy services from the private sector, instead of producing...

This study analyses the adjustment of the Finnish earnings-related pension system to very low economic growth. The results show that a permanently lower growth rate of the wage bill would raise only moderately the pension contribution rates in the long term. This is because also the benefits are...

We study the use of pension funds in the Finnish earnings-related pension system with the aim of smoothing contributions over time under demographic and economic risks. Smoothing is affected by the revisions in long-term forecasts and is thus imperfect. As a partially funded defined-benefit...

This study analyzes the sustainability implications of demographic and investment risks in the Finnish private sector pension system (TyEL). The results show that current contribution rate is likely to be too low to finance the future higher expenditure. The main sustainability problem is not,...

This report employs individual-level register data to study the coverage and amounts of voluntary term life insurances, the monetary losses following from the death of a breadwinner, and the life insurance gap arising as the difference of the two. The data include information on the life...

Julkisen talouden rahoituspohjan kestävyys väestön vanhetessa on kiistaton ongelma Suomessa kuten useissa muissakin länsimaissa. Työikäisen väestön väheneminen, työvoiman ikääntyminen ja hyvin vanhojen ihmisten lukumäärän kasvu on vaikea yhdistelmä julkisen talouden kestävyyden...