This study analyzes the sustainability implications of demographic and investment risks in the Finnish private sector … expenditure. The main sustainability problem is not, however, the generally projected increase in the contribution rate, but the …. It is likely to do so, unless the increased risk causes unforeseen changes to the pension system, with sustainability …

the international comparisons, the price formation of the food chain, degree of concentration, competition, and the …, competition works in Finland just as well in agriculture, the foodstuffs industry and the wholesale and retail trade as it does in … from the standpoint of competition and consumer choice; the position of small producers can best be improved by fostering …

The use of traditional industry-level profitability indicators for assessing the state of competition is problematic … for two reasons. First, short-term variation reflects business cycles more than it does the impact of competition policy …. Second, rough industry-level indicators hide different mechanisms that are dependent on competition but may affect …

The report's main objective is to assess the role that competition has played in the weak development of R …&D investments in the Finnish corporate sector in the 2010s. The data suggest that the degree of competition relates to differences … concentrated, and the degree of competition in their markets weakened. In competitive industries, R&D intensity did not decrease …