A withdrawal of a member state from the EMU due to market pressure has been a rather popular topic in the public debate in recent years. However, the effects of a withdrawal have been analysed quantitatively surprisingly little. Discussions have been concentrated on the crisis countries, but as...

The environmental benefits and harms of information and communication technology (ICT) have been widely discussed in Finland since 2019. The climate impact of information and communication technology on the environment consists of three channels: procurement, the ICT sector's own carbon...

According to a company survey, global value chains are changing. Even though big changes were expected during the Covid period, the actual changes were quite small at the time. Instead, after the early 2022, more obvious change has already been in the sourcing of materials and parts. They are...