mandates (i) to educate, (ii) to conduct academic research, and (iii) to impact societal welfare. The second change is the … establishing and re-enforcing longterm research cooperation between the academia and the Industry. The final change is the … to inventions made in sponsored research that, according to the principle of the professor's privilege, were considered …

. Majority of the research on public corporate funding concerning Finland focuses on R&D subsidies; there are fewer studies … employment, especially among young and small companies. Impacts on the productivity are, however, uncertain. Cooperation of … help firms to grow larger but do not improve their productivity. …

&D efforts. Traditionally, the effects of R&D on productivity have been assessed from an econometrically estimated production … modelling the improvement of technology and the growth of total factor productivity. In this case, the residual of the … production function, which reflects total factor productivity, consists of two multiplicative components. The first component is …

related to research and development, and regional development polytechnics are perceived to be less strong. A clear division …