This paper gives a conceptual overview of the openness and vulnerability, sharing which in both cases respectively … depends on economic policy and on structural factors, independent from policy. It focuses on openness policy, proposed to be … measured by the residual of an openness function estimated only from structural factors, and on structural vulnerability …

highly persistent. Moreover benefits (in terms of productivity) resulting from innovation are differentiated according to the … initial technological level of firms. Lastly, innovating firms seem to contribute significantly to the economic growth over …