other provinces system with lesser gaps in literacy domains. The assessment reviews why students in independent schools …

students' performance in private schools, where a significant proportion are enrolled at the secondary level, raise … International Student Assessment (PISA) and four types of estimators to estimate the impact of private schools on student … students attending private schools at the secondary level largely explains the higher PISA scores of Québec over the years, as …

are enrolled in private schools subsidized by the government, who however set a relatively low ceiling for the fees in … exchange for subsidies. Bias from selection, causality and admission coming from the fact that private schools may select their …