[eng] Contemporary Keynesian theory sees the unemployment rate as driven by shocks to aggregate demand and ply, and attracted back to some equilibrium, or natural, rate. The latter is exogenous : either autonomous or, if path-dependent, predetermined. Fiscal stimuli to demand are expansionary...

[fre] Les économistes ne se sont penchés sur le rôle et la formation des anticipations qu'assez récemment. Keynes en a proposé une vision moderne, en insistant sur la non-objectivité des croyances et sur les interactions entre les anticipations des divers agents économiques. La doctrine...

[eng] Why the American recovery of the years 1983 and 1984 did not produce recovery in Europe ? Why unemployment on this side of the Ocean has continued rising to reach in 1985 levels that have not been seen since the Great Depression ? Why finally the prospect of recovery which follows the fall...