English Abstract: Latin notaries are more and more frequently defined as gatekeepers, due to their role in providing preventive legal control (in addition to certifying documents), a role that becomes increasingly important in modern legal systems.However, applying this american term loosely to...

First part: Finance is built on a three-dimension risk: risk is measured, assessed, aggregated. If the economics of the crisis encourage reform and relaunch, it is also the sign of a crisis of economics. Two lessons can be drawn: avoid absurd risk -a fourth and often forgotten dimension of risk-...

This paper defends the idea that Western modernity can be characterized by the rivalry of two institutions, the state and the market, competing for the charge of maintaining security against social violence while both are major sources of violence. It is so because the possibility of violence...