, consumption and savings of households. It gives a measure of purchasing power within a consistent and integrated framework, which … surveys exist providing individual data on income and consumption. Those surveys are used to measure inequalities between … levels) have been combined to give a breakdown of income and consumption measured in the national accounts (for the year 2003 …

This paper studies the effect of combining different insurance schemes on the efficiency of consumption smoothing in an … (1988). The risk averse agent's savings play the role of a collateral, thereby improving consumption smoothing. Furthermore … savings and debt substitutable. If these assumptions are relaxed, consumption smoothing worsens but is still better than what …

This paper examines the causality relationship between immigration, Unemployment and economic growth of the host … data over the period 1980-2005 for 22 OECD countries, we find that, only in Portugal, unemployment negatively causes … immigration, while in any country, immigration does not cause unemployment. On the other hand, our results show that, in four …