Due to non-linear transaction costs, the fi nancial performance of a trading strategy decreaseswith portfolio size. Using a dynamic trading model a la Garleanu and Pedersen (2013), wederive closed-form formulas for the performance-to-scale frontier reached by competitive tradersendowed with a...

As most Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) engage in securities lending or are based on total return swaps, they expose their investors to counterparty risk. In this paper, we estimate empirically such risk exposures for a sample of physical and swap-based funds. We find that counterparty risk...