becoming the export platform to third countries, a gravity model analysing the bilateral trade flows of East Asian countries …

trade in ECOWAS countries with reference to the gravity model. The estimates indicate that the value of bilateral trade …

This paper gives a conceptual overview of the openness and vulnerability, sharing which in both cases respectively … depends on economic policy and on structural factors, independent from policy. It focuses on openness policy, proposed to be … measured by the residual of an openness function estimated only from structural factors, and on structural vulnerability …