We estimate the reaction of French firms to the drop in tariffs that has occurred in the late 1990s, mainly as a … provided by the TRAINS data base. Like in Buono and Lalanne (2009), we take advantage of the variations in tariffs over time …. It allows us to exploit the panel structure of the data, which is not possible when using distance instead of tariffs …

countries across the world (225 countries in the current version of the database). For most of them, different calculations of …

/FOB ratios for a given flow on gravity variables and a product-specific world median unit value. In a second step we evaluate the …