Migration is, in fact, regional mobility, movement from one geographical region to an other one. Various considerations suppose, there was a switch between unemployment and foreign labour, people in disadvantages labour market position or those who became unemployed search for foreign labour...

The paper investigates the effect of teacher characteristics (experience, level of education attainment and credentials, gender) on the achievement of eighth grade students using matched student-teacher data from the 1999, 2003 and 2007 TIMSS surveys. The analysis covers European countries, thus...