percentage change in GDP, an income surprise variable combined with lagged aggregate indebtedness, a real interest rate surprise … variable combined with lagged aggregate indebtedness, and a deregulation dummy. The innovation in this paper is the use of … surprise variables based on macroeconomic forecasts. According to the results, high indebtedness combined with negative …

The aim of this paper is to evaluate to what extent more transparency can reduce the occurrence of speculative attacks …. It proposes a survey of the literature about the pros and cons of transparency on the exchange rate market, which is one … of the main pillars of the new international financial architecture. The effects of transparency are shown to be …