Competition is an efficient alternative to regulation for the power transmission network only for peculiar investments in peculiar conditions. The competitive network investments are generally radial and/or create new commercial links in Direct Current between big markets with high and...

A framework based on product differentiation and limited output capacity is established as a foundation for modelling Norwegian exports of primary metals: Producers of metals are exposed to economic cycles, which lead to changes in the capacity utilisation. When output capacity is available, the...