The paper investigates the effect of teacher characteristics (experience, level of education attainment and credentials … education degree might drive down student achievement. However, there is a substantial heterogeneity among countries; teacher …

main results found in the literature. The wage premium to a year of attained education is smaller than that to required … education. Returns to overeducation are positive but smaller than those to required education. Years of undereducation result in … education, and the estimated coefficients of undereducation are non-significant for many countries. The results also suggest …

makers' interest. -- education ; accountability ; incentives …