random- and fixed-effects approaches. While there are limitations in the use of bias-motivation crime data in empirical … analysis, we find statistical significance between the incidence of hate crime and several economic and socioeconomic variables …. Most notably, among non-South states, a higher hate crime rate is associated with higher abuse rates, higher unemployment …

-- catching up ; real convergence ; Red Queen Paradox ; Jánossy's growth theory ; long-term growth ; productivity …