There have been significant changes in the financing of early-stage innovative companies since the beginning of this decade. The importance of institutional venture capital funds' investments declined in financing startups and early-stage ventures. At the same time, alternative sources of...

The government has an important role to play in financing each stage of development of startups. Most of the financing for startups is provided by non-reimbursable public grants and lending, the latter supported by government guarantees. The role of venture capital is much smaller. However, the...

Due to the 2008 global financial crisis the position of the private equity sector has weakened. The number and the value of new transactions have dropped together with the volume of the raised funds. Credit shares have also decreased in the financing of the transactions. Exiting from the...