During the last three decades various models have been proposed by the literature to predict the risk of bankruptcy and of firm insolvency, which make use of structural and empirical tools, namely rating system, credit scoring, option pricing and three alternative methods (fuzzy logic, efficient...

The main aim of that work is to describe some of the recent direction of evolution of the management categories related to the measuring of the performances of brand in terms of three main strategic variables as brand equity, customer equity and brand-customer loyalty. Infact, one of the most...