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In October 2000, the Korean Fair Trade Commission levied a combined surcharge of 190 billion Korean won (roughly $170 million) against the five major oil refineries in Korea for colluding in the military oil procurement auctions between 1998 and 2000. At the time, it was a record surcharge ever...

By using microdata of Employment Status Survey between 1982 and 2007, this article describes several aspects on the non-regular employees in the Japanese labor markets. The main findings are as follows: (1) the increased non-regular employees are eregularf in terms of contractual length but...

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