This paper explores the mutual reference behavior of local governments in Japan. The Japanese public education system … relaxation of regulations caused an increase in the expenditure of local governments on Japanese public education. After national … local governments. Consequently, this paper analyzed the mutual reference behavior in Japanese public education. In addition …

efficiency, particularly in primary education as the costs of primary education are dominant part of the budget spending … achieved by raising efficiency in primary education. This paper reports the empirical study on inefficient education spending … in public schools, particularly for primary education by using Stochastic Front i e r Analysis (SFA). By applying Tobit …