English Abstract: This paper is to explore the origin of business leadership and the dichotomous theoretical framework … business leadership, that was originated by full-time salaried executives who replaced entrepreneurs and appeared around late … 19th century. Executives had to take burden of performing both general management and leadership, because they were not …

procedures and structures of human resource management systems appropriately is not sufficient. What are needed in advance are … top management's moral or ethical aspirations for justice and the establishment of justice climate based on such a moral …

IT investments for cost reduction. Finally, Firms with IT management enjoy better business conditions. These results …This paper examines whether IT (information technology) management enhances the effects of IT investments. Our … empirical analyses are based on the unique survey data. Main findings are as follows. Firms with IT management have higher …