Birmingham Assay Office was established in 1773 by Toy manufacturers producting plated goods like Matthew Boulton. Main products of Birmingham were plated by gilt technique, so it was not easy to get credit for their products as growing area. Assay office had to be needed not only for the...

This paper examines whether IT (information technology) management enhances the effects of IT investments. Our empirical analyses are based on the unique survey data. Main findings are as follows. Firms with IT management have higher effects of IT investments. The result holds when the indexes...

We quantified the impact of the decreased recreation demand caused by voluntary self-restraint following the Great East Japan Earthquake. We assumed an exogenous 10% reduction of the private consumption demand for three recreation industries experiencing decrease in demand due to...