Birmingham Assay Office was established in 1773 by Toy manufacturers producting plated goods like Matthew Boulton. Main products of Birmingham were plated by gilt technique, so it was not easy to get credit for their products as growing area. Assay office had to be needed not only for the...

This article clarifies the management of peasant households in the Tsugaru district of the Aomori Prefecture between the 1870s and 1930s, especially focusing on the relationship between the advances in agricultural technology and the labor allocation strategy of the peasant households. We...