Nowadays, the canon of modern monetary policy, conducting by independent central bank is the principle. The book analyzes the direct inflation targeting strategy and the management of inflation expectations. In the context of financial stability has been addressed issues of uniform surveillance...

Ireland and Spain are among the countries where most intense has been the bank-debt vicious circle. Banks were at the forefront of crisis, as a consequence of weak balances, and exposure to real estate. Public support for banks, as well as other expansionary programs, drove public finances to...

The Stability and Growth Pact and recently, The European Fiscal Compact are based on the assumption that national tax policy Member States could have a negative impact on partner countries. Eurozone countries have pledged to respect the Stability and Growth Pact, its observance is an example of...

The Euro zone’s deficiencies became obvious when the crisis turned permanent. The Euro zone was caught without a supervisory procedure on macroeconomic imbalances, crisis management instruments, adequate banking supervision and sufficient instruments of resolution. The primary reason for these...

The 2007-09 credit crunch has not only created problems for the UK’s public finances in meeting the costs of bailing out commercial banks and dealing with recession but also for providing better public services. This paper analyses the causes of the credit crunch, government policies to...

This paper identifies the most important similarities between the four PIGS countries: Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain, in terms of principle macroeconomic indicators in the current crisis. This article also treats the principle transmission channels of sovereign risk and implicitly the...

Italy’s policy of fiscal consolidation and growth-friendly structural reforms has substantially improved its economic prospects, but the adverse sentiment that the country has faced in the sovereign bond market over the past years has deep roots. It reflects lingering anxieties over the euro...

The global financial crisis had a much more pronounced impact on South Africa relative to some other large emerging markets. The overriding economic policy challenge is to reduce unemployment and inequality through higher economic growth. Unemployment is a key policy focus; and a wage subsidy...

This 2007 Article IV Consultation highlights that Malta’s economic recovery is gaining traction, owing in large part to cyclical strength and some structural change. A public investment boom, financed largely by grants from the European Union, reignited growth in 2005. A modest recovery...

The Article IV Consultation highlights the financial system risks that have increased reflecting both the global financial market turbulence and continued rapid credit growth in Hungary. With most new borrowing in foreign currency, the private sector’s net foreign currency liabilities...