, immigration policies, and policies to fully mobilize the labor resources of women and older people. Policies to enhance the … that direct pro-natalist policies seem to be ineffective. Also immigration policies cannot fundamentally solve the problem …

trade flows. The other is to measure the strength of gravity in international trade flows in a way that is consistent with a … gravity is not well grounded on theory. We propose to define gravity in international trade as the force that makes the market … based on this definition of gravity. We find that a strong degree of gravity exists in most bilateral trade, regardless of …

English Abstract: Korea and the United States declared the start of negotiations for the establishment of a free trade …

English Abstract: Services account for a large share of output in developed countries and international trade in … between openness in services trade and economic growth. This paper applies a dynamic panel approach to examine the impacts of … trade in services and openness on economic growth for industrialized countries during the period 1980-2000. The findings …